The Plasma Protein Fraction (PPF), an integral part of the blood plasma, is a rich cocktail of proteins that play critical roles in biological functions, from immune response to blood clotting. The understanding and study of PPFs are vital due to their extensive reach in the human biological system.
Background of PPF
The history of studying blood and its specialized components dates back centuries. However, the discovery and understanding of Plasma Protein Fraction began in the early 20th century. Investigations focused on isolating specific proteins, understanding their functions, and the eventual discovery of plasma protein fractions. They were initially studied for their role in maintaining fluid balance within blood circulation, but their functions have been recognized to be far-reaching since then.
PPFs are coded by specific genes, each having unique loci within the human genome. The proteins vary in structure depending upon their functions, from simple shapes to more complex ones. For instance, Albumin, a significant component of PPFs, has a heart-like tertiary structure due to its role in carrying various substances in blood. Similarly, the protein structures of immunoglobulins are tailored for immune response operations.
Function of Plasma Protein Fraction
PPFs have various functions. They play a crucial role in osmotic balance, ensuring that blood cells remain in an optimal environment. Proteins like Albumin and Globulins maintain the osmotic pressure in blood vessels. They act as carriers for a plethora of substances including hormones, ions, lipids and drugs through the bloodstream, ensuring these reach the right places in the body. Specific PPFs are part of the body’s immune response, with immunoglobulins and certain classes of globulins acting as antibodies. Others have a role in blood clotting, forming fibrin clots to prevent excessive bleeding.
Related Signaling Pathways of PPF
PPFs often interact with cells through specific signaling pathways, either through direct interaction or by facilitating the interaction of other substances. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway, for example, is used by a vast array of proteins, including several cytokines in the blood plasma, to mediate cellular responses. The receptor mediated endocytosis pathway is another one critical for the uptake of certain PPFs like low-density lipoprotein. Each pathway has specialized roles, often shared among multiple types of proteins.
Plasma Protein Fraction Related Diseases
Various diseases are either directly caused by malfunctioning PPFs or involve them in their pathology. Hemophilia, for instance, is caused by a deficiency in blood clotting factors, which are part of the PPF. Kidney diseases often lead to Albuminuria, a condition caused by excess albumin in urine, indicating a breakdown in the function of kidney filtration and Albumin's role within PPFs. Additionally, immune disorders can involve irregular production or functioning of the immunoglobulins.
Application of PPF in Medicine
The application of PPFs in medicine is widespread. They are used to increase blood volume during severe blood loss or shock, often in the form of Albumin infusions. Certain PPFs have been turned into concentrated forms for treating specific diseases - clotting factor concentrates are used in Hemophilia, and immunoglobulins are used to boost immunity in immunodeficient individuals.
Drug Candidates related with PPF
A versatile range of drug candidates relate to the PPFs. These include blood volume expanders like Albumin, clotting factor concentrates for Hemophilia, and immunoglobulins for immune deficiencies. Additionally, drugs based on the kinin-kallikrein pathway involving bradykinin are also significant.
