Thyroglobulin; hTG

Specification

• Cat#: THP-0036
• Product Name: Thyroglobulin; hTG
• Description: The product (also known as Tg) is an enzyme thyroid hormone used by the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The active form of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, is produced both within the thyroid gland and periphery by 5'-deiodinase.
• Sequences: MALVLEIFTLLASICWVSANIFEYQVDAQPLRPCELQRETAFLKQADYVPQCAEDGSFQTVQCQNDGRSCWCVGANGSEVLGSRQPGRPVACLSFCQLQKQQILLSGYINSTDTSYLPQCQDSGDYAPVQCDVQQVQCWCVDAEGMEVYGTRQLGRPKRCPRSCEIRNRRLLHGVGDKSPPQCSAEGEFMPVQCKFVNTTDMMIFDLVHSYNRFPDAFVTFSSFQRRFPEVSGYCHCADSQGRELAETGLELLLDEIYDTIFAGLDLPSTFTETTLYRILQRRFLAVQSVISGRFRCPTKCEVERFTATSFGHPYVPSCRRNGDYQAVQCQTEGPCWCVDAQGKEMHGTRQQGEPPSCAEGQSCASERQQALSRLYFGTSGYFSQHDLFSSPEKRWASPRVARFATSCPPTIKELFVDSGLLRPMVEGQSQQFSVSENLLKEAIRAIFPSRGLARLALQFTTNPKRLQQNLFGGKFLVNVGQFNLSGALGTRGTFNFSQFFQQLGLASFLNGGRQEDLAKPLSVGLDSNSSTGTPEAAKKDGTMNKPTVGSFGFEINLQENQNALKFLASLLELPEFLLFLQHAISVPEDVARDLGDVMETVLSSQTCEQTPERLFVPSCTTEGSYEDVQCFSGECWCVNSWGKELPGSRVRGGQPRCPTDCEKQRARMQSLMGSQPAGSTLFVPACTSEGHFLPVQCFNSECYCVDAEGQAIPGTRSAIGKPKKCPTPCQLQSEQAFLRTVQALLSNSSMLPTLSDTYIPQCSTDGQWRQVQCNGPPEQVFELYQRWEAQNKGQDLTPAKLLVKIMSYREAASGNFSLFIQSLYEAGQQDVFPVLSQYPSLQDVPLAALEGKRPQPRENILLEPYLFWQILNGQLSQYPGSYSDFSTPLAHFDLRNCWCVDEAGQELEGMRSEPSKLPTCPGSCEEAKLRVLQFIRETEEIVSASNSSRFPLGESFLVAKGIRLRNEDLGLPPLFPPREAFAEQFLRGSDYAIRLAAQSTLSFYQRRRFSPDDSAGASALLRSGPYMPQCDAFGSWEPVQCHAGTGHCWCVDEKGGFIPGSLTARSLQIPQCPTTCEKSRTSGLLSSWKQARSQENPSPKDLFVPACLETGEYARLQASGAGTWCVDPASGEELRPGSSSSAQCPSLCNVLKSGVLSRRVSPGYVPACRAEDGGFSPVQCDQAQGSCWCVMDSGEEVPGTRVTGGQPACESPRCPLPFNASEVVGGTILCETISGPTGSAMQQCQLLCRQGSWSVFPPGPLICSLESGRWESQLPQPRACQRPQLWQTIQTQGHFQLQLPPGKMCSADYADLLQTFQVFILDELTARGFCQIQVKTFGTLVSIPVCNNSSVQVGCLTRERLGVNVTWKSRLEDIPVASLPDLHDIERALVGKDLLGRFTDLIQSGSFQLHLDSKTFPAETIRFLQGDHFGTSPRTWFGCSEGFYQVLTSEASQDGLGCVKCPEGSYSQDEECIPCPVGFYQEQAGSLACVPCPVGRTTISAGAFSQTHCVTDCQRNEAGLQCDQNGQYRASQKDRGSGKAFCVDGEGRRLPWWETEAPLEDSQCLMMQKFEKVPESKVIFDANAPVAVRSKVPDSEFPVMQCLTDCTEDEACSFFTVSTTEPEISCDFYAWTSDNVACMTSDQKRDALGNSKATSFGSLRCQVKVRSHGQDSPAVYLKKGQGSTTTLQKRFEPTGFQNMLSGLYNPIVFSASGANLTDAHLFCLLACDRDLCCDGFVLTQVQGGAIICGLLSSPSVLLCNVKDWMDPSEAWANATCPGVTYDQESHQVILRLGDQEFIKSLTPLEGTQDTFTNFQQVYLWKDSDMGSRPESMGCRKDTVPRPASPTEAGLTTELFSPVDLNQVIVNGNQSLSSQKHWLFKHLFSAQQANLWCLSRCVQEHSFCQLAEITESASLYFTCTLYPEAQVCDDIMESNAQGCRLILPQMPKALFRKKVILEDKVKNFYTRLPFQKLMGISIRNKVPMSEKSISNGFFECERRCDADPCCTGFGFLNVSQLKGGEVTCLTLNSLGIQMCSEENGGAWRILDCGSPDIEVHTYPFGWYQKPIAQNNAPSFCPLVVLPSLTEKVSLDSWQSLALSSVVVDPSIRHFDVAHVSTAATSNFSAVRDLCLSECSQHEACLITTLQTQPGAVRCMFYADTQSCTHSLQGQNCRLLLREEATHIYRKPGISLLSYEASVPSVPISTHGRLLGRSQAIQVGTSWKQVDQFLGVPYAAPPLAERRFQAPEPLNWTGSWDASKPRASCWQPGTRTSTSPGVSEDCLYLNVFIPQNVAPNASVLVFFHNTMDREESEGWPAIDGSFLAAVGNLIVVTASYRVGVFGFLSSGSGEVSGNWGLLDQVAALTWVQTHIRGFGGDPRRVSLAADRGGADVASIHLLTARATNSQLFRRAVLMGGSALSPAAVISHERAQQQAIALAKEVSCPMSSSQEVVSCLRQKPANVLNDAQTKLLAVSGPFHYWGPVIDGHFLREPPARALKRSLWVEVDLLIGSSQDDGLINRAKAVKQFEESRGRTSSKTAFYQALQNSLGGEDSDARVEAAATWYYSLEHSTDDYASFSRALENATRDYFIICPIIDMASAWAKRARGNVFMYHAPENYGHGSLELLADVQFALGLPFYPAYEGQFSLEEKSLSLKIMQYFSHFIRSGNPNYPYEFSRKVPTFATPWPDFVPRAGGENYKEFSELLPNRQGLKKADCSFWSKYISSLKTSADGAKGGQSAESEEEELTAGSGLREDLLSLQEPGSKTYSK
• Species: Human
• Molecular Weight: 660.0 Da
• Cas No: 9010-34-8
• Formula: Not Available
• Endotoxin Level: <0.001 EU per 1 μg of the peptide by the LAL method

Pharmaceutical Information

• Pharmaceutical Application: Thyroglobulin
• Applications: For the treatment of hypothyroidism (deficiency in the production of thyroid hormone).
• Examples of Clinical Use: Hypothyroidism (deficiency in the production of thyroid hormone)
• Pharmacodynamics: Not Available
• Mechanism of action: Not Available
• Affected organisms: Not Available

Related Reading

Background of Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin (Tg), a hefty glycoprotein synthetized and utilized by the thyroid gland, has drawn significant attention in medical and research spaces for its fundamental function in thyroid hormone synthesis. This indispensable protein, as well as its associated signaling pathways, have been the subject of robust exploration in an effort to understand and treat thyroid-related diseases.
The discovery of Thyroglobulin dates back to 1896 by Oswald Schmeidberg. However, the full appreciation of its structure and function didn't occur until post the advent of modern molecular biology techniques. The gene encoding TG is found on the short arm of chromosome 8 at locus 8q24.22. It spans a sizeable 270 kbp and includes 48 exons, the transcription of which forms an 8.5 kb mRNA sequence. The protein itself encompasses an impressive 2,768 amino acids, forming a dimeric structure via disulfide bridges under physiologic conditions.
Thyroglobulin is synthesized within the thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes) and transported into the follicular lumen, where it serves as the matrix for the production of thyroid hormones. It contributes to the storage of substantial amounts of thyroid hormone precursors. Specifically, the tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin structure are targeted for iodination, forming the precursors to triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Upon stimulus, these precursors undergo enzymatic cleavage, releasing the bioactive hormones into the circulation.

Thyroglobulin – related signaling pathways

Regarding its associated signaling pathways, thyroglobulin plays a key role in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) signaling pathway. TSH, emitted by the pituitary gland, acts on thyrocytes to stimulate thyroglobulin iodination and hormone synthesis. This signaling axis is vital for homeostatic regulation of thyroid function under normal circumstances. Additionally, supplemental pathways regulated by cytokines and growth factors can modulate thyroglobulin synthesis.

Thyroglobulin related diseases

Malfunction in thyroglobulin synthesis or structure invariably contributes to thyroid disease. Mutations in the TG gene have been implicated in congenital hypothyroidism, a condition resulting from impaired thyroid hormone synthesis. Additionally, elevated thyroglobulin levels are often exhibited in differentiated thyroid carcinoma, rendering thyroglobulin as an effective tumor marker. Conversely, autoimmune thyroid diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease exhibit autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, witnessing the immune system's aberrant attack on the body's own tissues.

The application of Thyroglobulin in medicine

The medical application of thyroglobulin is manifold. Beyond serving as an indicator for thyroid carcinoma, it is routinely used to monitor response to treatment in thyroid cancer patients. Additionally, determination of thyroglobulin level can aid in distinguishing benign thyroid nodules from malignant ones. The presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies, conversely, serves as a diagnostic criterion for the aforementioned autoimmune thyroid diseases.

List of drug candidates related to Thyroglobulin

Several drug candidates related to thyroglobulin have been identified. Recombinant human thyroglobulin (rhTg) is one such compound, envisioned as a potential treatment for iodine-refractory thyroid cancer due to its unique immunomodulatory properties. Further, different immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids, have reflected potential in mitigating anti-thyroglobulin antibody production in autoimmune thyroid diseases.
In conclusion, thyroglobulin not only lays the molecular foundation for thyroid hormone synthesis but also plays a substantive role in disease presentation and treatment. Nuanced understanding of its signaling pathways, function, and associated anomalies can lend tremendous value in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for a spectrum of thyroid-related conditions. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the myriad facets and potentials of this remarkable glycoprotein.